DRINKING  IN NEW ZEALAND

National Surveys Comparison 1995 & 2000

 

Ruth Habgood, Sally Casswell, Megan Pledger and Krishna Bhatta,  

 

Alcohol & Public Health Research Unit, November 2001

Appendix A: Survey Methodology

This section describes: the sample sizes, the probability sampling scheme used to select respondents for computer assisted telephone interviews, the response rate achieved, comparison of survey results with census populations, possible effects of non-response, and approximate statistical accuracy of survey estimates.

Sample sizes

The 1995 and 2000 National Alcohol Surveys were random samples of persons aged 14 to 65 years, interviewed using the Alcohol & Public Health Research Unit's CATI (computer assisted telephone interviewing) system. The 1995 survey consisted of 4232 persons interviewed between late August and December 1995, and the 2000 survey consisted of 5113 persons interviewed between late August and December 2000.

Sampling methods

Each survey was stratified into 32 areas (strata) which, when combined together, completely cover the whole of New Zealand. One stratum covered the Auckland area and this was sampled as part of the annual survey on alcohol consumption of Aucklanders that has been undertaken since 1990. The remaining 31 strata were sampled in 1995 and 2000. A ‘booster’ sample of young people aged 13-19 was sampled from all 32 strata in 2000. The 14-19 year olds from that sample were included in this report.

In 2000 the non-Auckland strata and youth were intentionally over-sampled so weights were developed for the 2000 sample to match the proportion of Aucklanders in the 2000 sample to that in the 1996 census data and to match the proportion of those aged 14-19 in that sample to that of the 14-19 year olds calculated from the Estimated New Zealand Resident Population at 30 June, 2000. These weights were used for all analyses based on all the age groups. A second set of weights was developed for the 2000 sample when analyses were performed on those aged 14-19. The weights for youth in the 2000 sample were derived to match the proportion of Aucklanders in that sample to that of the 1996 census data. For 1995 weights of one were used as each strata was sampled in proportion to its population size based on the preceding Statistics New Zealand Census of Population and Dwellings.

The selection of interviewees was made using a two stage random scheme. Within each stratum random digit dialling was used to select a household, a further random selection was then made for each individual within the household to determine if they were to be interviewed. This two-stage sampling procedure ensures that all potential respondents have an equal probability of being sampled.

In the second sampling stage – random respondent selection – a list was made of the persons aged 14-65 years who were usually resident in the household, and persons to be interviewed were selected from this list independently and at random. Any number of the eligible residents could be selected by the computer, and in some cases it selected none. On average, one in every 2.5 persons in the eligible age range was selected. If necessary, selected persons were interviewed at a later time by appointment. Since the number of persons randomly selected per household was proportional to household size the survey was self-weighting with respect to household size.

Telephone numbers selected but not answered by a respondent were called back at least 10 times (and often up to 20 times) before it was considered a ’no answer’ for calculating response rates. These repeat calls were made at different times of the day, both during weekdays and the weekends, and spaced out over several weeks.

The random digit dialling method has the advantage of including unlisted numbers.

The disadvantage of the random digit dialling method, as with any telephone-based interviewing method, is that people without land-line telephones are automatically excluded from the sample. Telephone penetration in New Zealand is comparatively high. In Census 1996, about 95% of households had accessible telephones. Certain sectors of the population, most notably Maori and Pacific peoples, are under-represented among telephone owners, and they are the same groups who tend to be under-represented in face-to-face surveys. Analyses previously undertaken by the Alcohol & Public Health Research Unit (Wyllie et al, 1994) have shown that this under-representation is likely to have little effect on results at a population level. The extent of this bias has been measured in a separate study and will be reported on at a later date.

Interviewing methods

At the start of each interview people were told that the survey was being undertaken by the University of Auckland. Maori respondents were also told that they could choose to be interviewed by a Maori interviewer. Confidentiality was assured and only partial names were ever collected.

Contact and interviewing were undertaken using the Alcohol & Public Health Research Unit’s in-house computer assisted telephone interviewing (CATI) system. This is a computer network of interviewer stations and a supervisor’s station. The system randomises and administers calling and call-backs for telephone numbers and respondents, including call-backs to unanswered numbers and appointments for calling back respondents. The contacting procedures and questions were programmed into the computer and the interviewers read them as they appeared on the screen. Answers were coded directly into the computer from the options presented on the screen. Supervisors were at any time able to observe any interview on their own screen and listen in to any call without the interviewer or respondent being aware (respondents were told this might happen before they began). The ability to monitor all interviewing at the one central location ensured a high degree of quality control. Quality was also emphasised in the extensive training given interviewers. To ensure further quality of the survey data, the information collected was checked by the CATI supervisors to identify invalid, missing and any dubious figures. If required, further call-backs were arranged to check the validity of the recorded information.

Response rates 

People who could not be contacted or refused to participate in the survey weaken the ability of the sample to accurately reflect the population. Repeated call-backs, interviewing at respondents convenience, interviewer training and careful wording of the respondent’s introduction to the survey resulted in high response rates.

The effort put into maximising the response rate was rewarded with a rate of 76% in the 1995 National Survey, 72 % in 2000 National Survey and 88% in the 2000 Youth Booster, all of which are high for telephone surveys in New Zealand. Together these give a combined response rate of 73% for our data.

Sample description

The surveys represent people aged 14 through 65 years (inclusive) who live in private dwellings with land-line telephones in New Zealand. A comparison of the survey respondents with the New Zealand population projections from the 1991 Census and 1996 Census is shown in Tables A to D.

 

The sample closely matches the urban and regional populations of each preceding Census because of stratification and in 2000, the weighting. Table A suggests that the 1995 survey over-represented persons from small towns and rural areas. The difference is due to a difference in definitions. In 1995 people were asked whether they lived in cities, towns or rural areas. What people self-classified as a town or rural area may come within the boundaries of larger urban areas in Statistics New Zealand urban type definitions. In the 2000 survey, urban type was based on the actual or probable area unit associated with each random digit telephone number, giving a closer match to Census.

As this was a random sample, no quotas were set for males and females. The final sample over-represented females, but most data are reported separately for males and females. Most of the age groups were a match to the population projections. The age/gender comparisons suggest that the difficulty of contacting and interviewing men in general has increased slightly in the intervening years between surveys, but is of a similar direction and magnitude in both surveys – which indicates it should have relatively little effect on measures compared between them.

Table A: Level of urbanisation

Table B: Geographic Region*

*Based on approximations of Regional Health Authority areas.

Table C*: Age Within Gender

* Estimated New Zealand Resident Population at 30 June of each year (Final figures 2001) from Statistics NZ. This is used instead of Census data because it is a more accurate measure of age-gender distribution ‘aged’ to the time of the surveys.

Table D: Ethnic grouping*

*In our sample, 0.4% of respondents in 1995 and 1.1% in 2000 did not specify their ethnicity, and these non-responses have been excluded from calculations in this table.

Overall, the magnitude of the ethnic differences are fairly slight when it is considered that the Census data includes people without telephones – who in the 1996 Census are more often found among Maori and Pacific peoples.

Appendix B: Analysis Procedures

The data on drinking behaviour, drinking patterns and experience of problems related to the respondent’s own drinking have been reported for current drinkers. Current drinkers exclude drinkers who have permanently stopped drinking alcohol within the last 12 months. Stopped drinkers do not include those who have stopped temporarily, e.g. for medical reasons or pregnancy. Permanently stopped drinkers account for 0.5% of the sample in 1995 and 0.4% of the sample in 2000. The data on problems related to other people’s drinking have been reported for all drinkers and non-drinkers. The differences commented on in the text have been identified if they were significant at the 5% level. Unless stated all hypotheses were pre-planned however in some cases, where numbers were small, sexes and/or age groups were combined. Due to the number of hypotheses tested, there may be instances where significant results are found by chance. This should be considered when interpreting results.

Continuous variables, such as typical occasion quantity, which are highly skewed and bounded by zero, were logarithmically transformed and compared using weighted general linear models. Proportions, that were derived from binary variables, and their confidence intervals were calculated and compared using weighted logistic regression. Proportions that were derived from non-binary data were analysed using weighted bootstrapping techniques.

Ninety-five percent confidence intervals, indicated by error bars, are shown on all the graphs. Confidence intervals can provide some visual indication of the variability in the data for a particular group and whether there are statistically significant differences between groups (in this case, at a 95% confidence level). When there is no overlap between confidence intervals then it is safe to conclude that the two groups are significantly different at the 5% level. When there is some overlap of the confidence intervals then it cannot be concluded visually whether the two groups differ significantly and a formal statistical test must be undertaken.

Sums of percentages may not always add to 100% due to rounding.

Data were collected for drinking in each of sixteen locations, plus any additional drinking locations identified by the respondents.

The typical occasion quantity for an individual is the weighted average of all the typical occasion quantities at each location, taking into account how often the person drank at the location. In this way, a location that a person only drank at once a year had minimal influence, compared with a location that the person drank at daily.

The volume of absolute alcohol consumed on a typical occasion was then calculated from the types of drinks and volume of beverage drunk. Beverage volumes were calculated from numbers and types of containers. The volume of absolute alcohol in each type of beverage was calculated using Statistics New Zealand conversions.

The annual frequency of drinking was the sum of the frequencies at all of the locations.

The annual volume of absolute alcohol consumed in each location by an individual was calculated by summing the volumes of absolute alcohol consumed on a typical occasion for each location, multiplied by the frequency of drinking at that location.

The annual volume of total absolute alcohol consumed by an individual was the sum of the annual volume of absolute alcohol consumed in each location.

Alcohol surveys usually record less alcohol consumed than is reported in estimates of alcohol that is available for consumption. Statistics New Zealand estimates the amount of alcohol available for consumption from production, import and export figures.

When calculations based on our survey data are made, and adjusted, by estimates from other survey data, for the consumption levels of persons aged over 65 years (Ministry of Health, 1999), the current survey accounts for 98% of the 8.9 litres reported by the Statistics Department as available for consumption. The level of consumption accounted for by these surveys is high by international standards where the norm tends to be between 40% and 60% (Midanik, 1982, Stockwell et al, 2001), and can be lower (Simpura, 1988). It appears likely that this ability to account for large proportions of the alcohol available for consumption is due to the methodology used in which consumption is asked about by specific locations, therefore reminding people of their drinking in less regular drinking locations.

Changes in self reported consumption compared with changes in alcohol available for consumption

For the year ended December 2000 the Statistics New Zealand estimate of the aggregate alcohol available for consumption was 8.9 litres of absolute alcohol for every person aged 15 years and over in New Zealand (including non-drinkers) (Statistics New Zealand, 2000b). This was a decline from 9.3 litres in 1995, a decrease of 4.3%. However, the figures for the December quarter (closest in time to the time of survey data collection) showed a slight increase (2.5%) per capita (aged 15 and over) between the December 1995 and 2000 quarters.

This increase in consumption in the Statistics New Zealand December quarterly figures can be compared with an increase of 19% across the survey sample (including abstainers) aged 15 – 65.

This is not, however, a direct comparison. The over 65 population are absent from the survey sample but included in estimates of per capita consumption. They drink less than younger groups and have increased as a proportion of the population aged 15 and over, from 14.4% in 1995 to 15.3% in 2000. Nor does the survey include data from people living in institutions. A further difference is the inclusion in the survey data of alcohol not accounted for in estimates of per capita consumption such as home brewed alcohol and duty free.

Alcohol purchased duty free may have increased between 1995 and 2000 (based on numbers of returning residents). In 2000 there were 40% more returning residents than in 1995 (Statistics New Zealand 2000c; 2001).  This compares with a 6% increase in the population over the same period.  The greater increase in reported consumption in the survey compared with alcohol available for consumption is in spirits, which also suggests increased duty free purchases may be a contributing factor. 

Given the different nature of the data (one being a measure of alcohol industry production and one being a measure of self-reported consumption) it is unlikely that a direct correspondence between the two measures will be found. It is also possible that self-reported consumption levels are affected by (as well as affecting) the social climate surrounding alcohol and this contributed to less under-reporting of drinking in 2000.  Nevertheless, although the increase in the survey is larger than that in the December quarter figures, the relationship found is stronger than has been reported in overseas literature which has not been able to demonstrate a consistent relationship between any measure of alcohol consumption and alcohol available per capita (Smart et al, 2000).

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APPENDIX E: Interview Schedule

 

National Alcohol Tracking Survey 2000

Some questions in this survey are in a different order than actually asked in the National Alcohol Tracking Survey 2000, and not all prompts are included.

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Section One: Types of alcohol drunk

 

Q1. In the last 12 months did you drink any…

 

Response options include:

Beer (including low beer and home made beer)

Wine and wine based drinks

A range of spirits and spirit based drinks

Cider

Other types of alcohol

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Section Two: Frequency of drinking in different locations

 

Now some questions on how often you drink alcohol and where. It is important to include all occasions, but don’t repeat occasions.

 

Q2. How often do you usually drink alcohol?

 

Response options for locations include:
At own home

At others home

At pubs/hotels/taverns

At nightclubs

At sports clubs

At other clubs/meetings

At restaurants, cafes or coffee shops

At theatre/movies

During domestic flights

In private motor vehicles

At sports events

At outdoor public places

On Marae

At special events

 

Response options for frequency include: A range from 2 or more per day to never.

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Section Three: Type of alcohol and typical occasion amount at drinking locations

 

Q3. Respondents are asked the following questions in regard to each location they identified as a place that they drank alcohol at least once per year. I would now like you to think of one drinking occasion that would be most typical of your drinking. Can you tell me what you would be usually drinking on this typical occasion?

 

Response options include:

Beverage choice as before in Q1. 

 

Q3a. On this typical occasion how much of ‘xxx’ type of alcohol would you be drinking?

The ‘xxx’ type of alcohol is dependent on the type of alcohol identified by the respondent in Q3.

 

For each specific type of alcohol including beer, low beer and home made beer; wine and wine based drinks; spirit and spirit based drinks; cider and other types of alcohol; response options include: A wide range of containers used commonly to serve and sell different types of alcohol in New Zealand. The response options also include a range of different sized glasses.

 

Q3b. Would you be drinking any other alcohol along with ‘xxx’ type of alcohol (identified in Q3) on this occasion?

 

Response options include:

Beverage choice as before in Q1.

 

Q3c. On this typical occasion how much of ‘xxx’ type of alcohol would you be drinking? The ‘xxx’ type of alcohol is dependent on the type of alcohol identified by the respondent in Q3b.

 

For each specific type of alcohol including beer, low beer and home made beer; wine and wine based drinks; spirit and spirit based drink; cider and other types of alcohol; response options include: A wide range of containers used commonly to serve and sell different types of alcohol in New Zealand. The response options also include a range of different sized glasses.

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Section Four: Specified number of drinks per occasion

 

Q4. Could you please tell me how often you drink four or more drinks (for females), or six or more drinks (for males) on any occasion? A drink is defined for respondents using examples of containers used to serve and sell alcohol in New Zealand that equal approximately 15ml of absolute alcohol.

 

Response options for frequency include: A range from 2 or more per day to never.

 

Q4a. On these occasions when you drink four or more drinks (for females), or six or more drinks (for males), where are you usually drinking?

 

Response options include:

At own home

At others home

At pubs/hotels/taverns

At nightclubs

At sports bars

At other clubs/meetings

At restaurants, cafes or coffee shops

At theatres/movies

During Domestic flights

In private motor vehicles

At sports events

At outdoor public places

On Marae

At special events

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Section Five: Perceptions of drinking alcohol

 

Q5. Comparing the level you are currently drinking at with the level you feel is right for you, would you say you are drinking…

 

Response options include:

A range of levels of how happy respondents are with their current drinking.

 

Q6. Compared with a year ago, would you say you are now drinking…

More* if more skip to Q7

The same

Less*if less skip to Q8

Stopped* if stopped skip to Q9

 

Q7. The following are some reasons other people have given for drinking more. Which are the reasons you are drinking more?

 

Response options include:

Alcohol is now served at most of the social occasions I attend

I have more money available to spend on alcohol

The range of places selling takeaway alcohol makes it easier to buy

Because of problems and stress in my life

Takeaway alcohol is more readily available if supplies run out

I can buy wine in supermarkets

Because more places serving alcohol are open longer

It is cheaper now

It is safe for my health to drink a certain number of drinks

I feel like a drink when I see an advertisement on TV

It is good for my health

 

Q7a.  You said you are drinking more. Are you drinking more often, or drinking larger amounts, or both?

More often

Larger amounts

Both

 

Q8. The following are some reasons other people have given for drinking less. Which are reasons you are now drinking less?

 

Response items include:

Don’t like to drink and drive

Concerned about effects on health

Want to maintain/increase physical fitness

Feel it is generally more acceptable to drink less

Have less money available to spend on alcohol

Spending too much on alcohol

Alcohol is more expensive now

Drinking more low alcohol beer/other drinks with less alcohol

Pressure to drink less from people serving drinks

 

Q8a.  You said you are drinking less. Are you drinking less often, or drinking smaller amounts when you drink, or both?
Less often

Smaller amounts

Both 

 

 

Q9. The following are reasons other people have give for stopping drinking. Which of the following are reasons you stopped?

 

Response options include:

Spending too much money on alcohol

Concerned about the effects on my health

Feel it is generally more acceptable to drink less

Want to maintain/increase my physical fitness

Don’t like to drink and drive

Alcohol is more expensive now

Pregnant or planning to have children

Religious, spiritual, cultural or moral reasons

Losing control of drinking

 

Q10. Now could you please tell me how much you agree or disagree with the following statements…

 

Beer is a suitable drink for most times of the day

Wine is a suitable drink for most times of the day

Spirits is a suitable drink for most times of the day

It’s o.k. to get drunk once in a while

 

Response options include:

A scale of levels of agreement ranging from agree a lot to disagree a lot

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Section six: Home brew

 

Q11.  Have you personally made any home-brew beer in the last 12 months?

Yes

No

 

Q11a. How often do you make a new batch of home-brew beer?

 

Response options include:

A range of frequencies ranging from daily to never.

 

Q11b. On a typical occasion, how much would you usually make?

 

Response options include:

A range of containers commonly used to sell alcohol in New Zealand.

 

Q12.  Have you personally made any wine in the last 12 months?
Yes

No

 

Q12a. How many bottles of wine did you make in the last 12 months?

 

Q13.  Have you personally made any distilled spirits in the last 12 months?

Yes

No

 

Q13a. How often do you make a new batch of distilled spirits?

 

Response options for frequency include: A range from 2 or more times daily to never.

 

 

Q13b. On a typical one of these occasions, how much would you usually make?

 

Response options include:

A range of containers commonly used to sell alcohol in New Zealand.

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Section Seven: Young Drinkers

 

Q14.  How many times in the last 12 months did you personally buy…

 

Response options include:

Alcohol to takeaway from hotel or tavern bottle stores

Alcohol to takeaway from wineshops and wholesalers

Alcohol to takeaway from Sportsclubs

Wine to take away from Supermarkets

Beer to take away from Supermarkets

Alcohol to takeaway from any other places

Beer to takeaway from Superettes/Dairies

Wine to takeaway from Superettes/Dairies

 

Q15. How many times in the last 12 months has someone else purchased alcohol for you?

 

Q15a.  Could you please tell me all the people that have purchased alcohol for you in the last 12 months?

 

Response options include:

Friends

Parents

Siblings

Other family/whanau

Other adult

Someone near alcohol shop

Other

 

Q15b. Of these people, who purchased alcohol for you most often?

 

Response options include:

Same as those for Q15a.

 

Q16. How many times in the last 12 months has someone in a ‘xxx’ location either refused you entry, or once inside, refused you alcohol because of your age?

 

Locations are:

Pub/bar or tavern

Sports club

Nightclub

Restaurant, café or coffee shop

Sports event

Special events such as festivals, music events or dance parties

 

Q17.  How many times in the last 12 months has someone refused to sell you takeaway alcohol from a ‘xxx’ location because of your age?

 

Locations are:

Hotel or tavern bottle store

Sports club

Wineshops and wholesalers

Supermarket

Superette/Dairy

 

Q18.  How many times in the last 12 months has someone asked you to show age ID when entering, or asking to buy alcohol at a…?

 

Locations are:

The same as those in Q16.

 

Q19. How many times in the last 12 months has someone asked you to show age ID when buying takeaway alcohol from a…?

 

Locations are:

The same as those in Q17.

 

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Section Eight: Alcohol-related problems from others drinking

 

Q20.  In the last 12 months, how much harmful effect did other peoples drinking have on your…

Home life

Social life

Financial position

 

Response options include:

A range of options from large harmful effect to no harmful effect.

 

Q21.  How many times in the last 12 months have you…

a) been involved in a motor vehicle accident that involved someone else’s drinking You could have been a driver or a passenger.

b) been involved in some other type of accident causing injury or major damage that involved someone else’s drinking?

c) been physically assaulted by someone who had been drinking?

d) been sexually harassed by someone who had been drinking?

 

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Section Nine: Alcohol-related problems from own drinking

 

Q22. Now I would like you to tell me how many times in the last 12 months have you…

 

Got drunk when there was an important reason to stay sober

Felt the effects of alcohol after drinking the night before

Awakened the next day not able to remember some of the things you had done while drinking

Felt the effects of alcohol while at work, study or engaged in household duties

Felt your performance at a paid job was reduced by drinking or it’s after effects

Taken an alcoholic drink first thing when you get up in the morning

Had your hands shake a lot in the morning after drinking

Stayed intoxicated for several days at a time

Been told to leave a place because of your drinking

Been away from work because of your drinking

Got into a physical fight because of your drinking

Been ashamed of something you did while drinking

Been drinking and driving and had a motor vehicle crash

Been involved in a serious argument after drinking

Been involved in an accident while at work, study or doing household duties after you have been drinking

 

Q23. How many times in the last 12 months did you drive when you probably had too much to drink?

 

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Section Ten:

 

Q24. How many times in the last 12 months have you seen police visiting while you were drinking at a …

Locations are:

Pub, tavern or bar

Sportsclub

Nightclub

Restaurant, café or coffee shop

Sports event

 

Q25.  How likely do you think it is that a drunk person would be served alcohol at…

Locations are:

In a pub, tavern or bar

In a Sportsclub

In a nightclub

In your friends home

 

Response options include:

A range from very likely to very unlikely

 

Q26. How much do you agree or disagree with the following statements as they apply to you.

 

Statements include:

I really enjoy some of the TV advertisements that are used to sell alcohol

Alcohol is expensive

A person who drives after having too much to drink is likely to get caught

It is easy to buy take-away alcohol at the times I want it

Overall, I believe my drinking is good for my health

I have to be careful about how much I spend on alcohol

Laws on selling alcohol to people under the age of 18 are being enforced enough

Drinking by teenagers is a problem in our community

 

Response options include:

A range from agree a lot to disagree a lot

 

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Section Eleven: Non-drinkers section

 

Q27. Some people have a number of periods in their lives when they are non-drinkers, with periods of regular drinking in-between. How many different times in your life have you stopped drinking, including the most recent time?

 

Q28.  The following are reasons other people have given for not drinking alcohol. Which of the following are reasons you don’t drink alcohol?

 

 

Reasons include:

I don’t like the taste

I don’t like the idea of being drunk or intoxicated

I don’t want to get hangovers or feel unwell from drinking

I was worried that my drinking could get out of control

Alcohol had caused problems in the family I grew up in

I had seen the bad effects of alcohol on people other than my own family

I don’t drink for religious, spiritual, cultural or moral reasons

I am worried I might be taken advantage of as a result of drinking

I am worried that I might do something as a result of drinking that I might later regret

 

Q29. The following are reasons other people have given for not drinking alcohol. Which of the following are reasons you decided not to drink alcohol?

 

Reasons include:

I didn’t like the taste

I didn’t like the idea of being drunk or intoxicated

I didn’t want to get hangovers or feel unwell from drinking

I was worried that my drinking could get out of control

Alcohol had caused problems in the family I grew up in

I had seen the bad effects of alcohol on people other than my own family

I decided no to drink for religious, spiritual, cultural or moral reasons

I was worried I might be taken advantage of as a result of drinking

I was worried that I might do something as a result of drinking that I might later regret

 

Q30.  Compared with a year ago, would you say the number of people who try and encourage you to have a drink has…

 

Increased

Decreased

Remained the same

 

Q31. How much do you agree or disagree with the following statements?

 

The large number of places selling alcohol makes it harder for me to stay a non-drinker.

Alcohol advertisements on television make it harder for me to stay a non-drinker.

 

Response options include:

A range from agree a lot to disagree a lot

 

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SectionTwelve: Demographics

 

Age

Gender

Ethnic group(s)

Current employment status

Usual occupation

Household members

Education level-highest qualification

Income

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